Astrocytes are claimed to protect neurons against excitotoxicity by clearing glutamate from the extracellular space and rapidly converting it into glutamine. Glutamine. is then released into the extracellular medium. taken up by neurons and transformed back into glutamate which is then stored into synaptic vesicles. https://www.roneverhart.com/Pedaltrain-Classic-1-w-Soft-case/